The Need for Financial Reform as a Pre-requisite in the Recovery Process

Apparently I am not alone in concluding that significant financial reform, including the restructuring of the financial sector to serve, rather than to tax and depress, the real economy is a vital necessity and an integral part of the recovery process.

This is not to say that the BIS General Manager and I would agree on all the details of the program. But it does speak to the notion that the size and structure of the financial sector was a contributing cause of the financial collapse, rather than an innocent bystander to some improbable accident or act of God.

So if one believes this, that the financial sector had become an integral part of the problem, it becomes rather obvious to conclude that policies based on simplistic slogans like 'less debt' or 'more spending' alone are not going to be effective in changing a systemic distortion that was over twenty years in the making, involving an orgy of moral hazard, financial fraud, and regulatory capture that became the cornerstone of the developed nations' economies.

Indeed from my vantage point, it appears that the various policy proposals being discussed are indicative of special interest groups arguing over a dying man as they consider how best to strip the corpse.

My own concern is that the various parties, being in a feeding frenzy of self-interest, will ignore the warning signs of public dissatisfaction and fading confidence, until it is too late to pursue conventional methods of reforming the system.

"Let me conclude. The lingering structural deficiencies in the financial sector and the longer-term drawbacks of very expansionary macroeconomic policies continue to put enormous demands on our ability to steer the best course through hazardous terrain.

When markets and the public start to lose confidence, it is an illusion to suppose that delaying the adoption of the policies we know are needed would smooth the adjustment process. We cannot wait for the resumption of strong growth to begin the process of policy correction. In particular, delaying fiscal policy adjustment would only risk renewed financial volatility, market disruptions and funding stress. A much better strategy is to set out credible front-loaded actions for meaningful fiscal adjustment and for restructuring the financial system.

International cooperation is particularly important at the current difficult juncture, when confidence is fragile. In particular, finalising international agreements on regulatory reform on schedule will send the right signal - not only to financial markets but also to the public at large. The time has come to agree on major practical reforms to substantially increase the resilience of the financial industry. These reforms, combined with policies of fiscal adjustment and efforts to restructure the financial industry, will go a long way to putting the financial crisis behind us. We must seize this opportunity."

Jaime Caruana, General Manager of the BIS, on the occasion of the Bank's Annual General Meeting, Basel, 28 June 2010.

You may read the General Manager's entire speech here.

Does a Weakness in Banking Regulation Result in Economic Imbalances and Asset Bubbles?

"The man who is admired for the ingenuity of his larceny is almost always rediscovering some earlier form of fraud. The basic forms are all known, have all been practiced. The manners of capitalism improve. The morals may not."

John Kenneth Galbraith

There is a hypothesis that the financial sector in the US is oversized, and as such commands an excessive amount of capital allocation and overly influences GDP. We arrived at this conclusion ourselves by studying the percentage of the major stock indices represented by the financial sector, and the expansion of new financial instruments and forms of credit in the growth of asset bubbles.

There are obviously other explanations for this. One thing to bear in mind is that during the 1990's the financial sector mounted a determined, well-funded, and deliberate assault on the regulations that had been put in place in the 1930's to limit its ability to create exotic instruments and speculate in areas beyond the traditional role of commercial banking.

Financial Relativism: Fraud by Any Other Name 15 May 2008

The banks were central to the scheme from the inception as they spent years and many hundreds of millions of dollars to overturn Glass-Steagall to allow this coup de grâce to be delivered to all holders of US dollars.

PBS Frontline: The Long Demise of Glass-Steagall

There is an interesting area of study by Thomas Philippon of NYU, which has been written about recently by Zubin Jelveh in Odd Numbers and is starting to receive more widespread attention.

Its interesting because it tends to support the notion that as the financial sector overcomes the regulatory restraints, it begins to expand its influence in the real economy, ultimately distorting its structure through the introduction of asset bubbles, with a resulting period of significant economic contraction. It also results in disproportionate incomes and the polarization of wealth distribution.

Why Has the U.S. Financial Sector Grown so Much? Thomas Philippon

Human Capital in the U.S. Financial Sector: 1900-2005 Philippon Reshef

"We find a very tight link between deregulation and human capital in the financial sector. Highly skilled labor left the financial industry in the wake of the depression era regulations, and started flowing back precisely when these regulations were removed."

"We find that in 1920-1940 and in 1990-2005 employees in finance are overpaid."

Thomas Philippon

The banks must be restrained from distorting the role of money and finance in the national economy to obtain and direct a disproportionate amount of wealth and power. Such unrestrained financial power is a corrosive influence that destroys the fabric of a free and democratic society by distorting the allocation of resources and corrupting the institutions of the press, of education, and of the government.

Does a weakening of banking regulation result in economic Imbalances and asset bubbles? Yes, always and everywhere.