US Debt and the Restraint of a Gold Standard

Although FDR ended the use of gold in domestic circulation as currency in 1933, the US dollar remained on the gold standard until 1971.   The international currency system was formalized by the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944.

When Nixon arbitrarily shut the 'gold window' in 1971 the world entered a reserve currency system of fiat dollars, restrained somewhat by the debt markets and floating exchange rates, often called Bretton Woods II.

The existing monetary system is still under development, even though we assume it is well established and settled because of the Pax Americana.

As these things go, its relatively short reign from 1971 does not guarantee its continuing longevity. The inherent instability introduced by having one nation essentially own the reserve currency, and subordinate to its own domestic policy requirements, has not been sufficiently resolved. Certainly not to the satisfaction to the rest of the world, even if it is a jealously guarded privilege.

Related:   The Continuing Endgame For Bretton Woods II and the Role of Gold
                 An Essay Considering the Current Monetary Order and Gold
                 Europe Finally Has an Excuse to Challenge the Dollar

Currency War: 140 Years of Monetary History in Ten Minutes

Like most complex subjects reduced to a ten minute summation, there are plenty of nuances lost here, and one might certainly take issue with some of the conclusions. And the perspective of the discussion is largely centered on the US and Europe.

Nevertheless, I like the succinct overview of certain key events in recent world monetary history that lead up to the situation in which we find ourselves today.

Since most people are abysmally ignorant of where we have been, perhaps that is a good place to start once again, for those of you who have not heard this previously.

I would have liked them to have dealt with the gold confiscation and revaluation of 1933, in which FDR used the nation's gold to recapitalize the banking system, and changing the nature of the US currency while devaluing it, but that might have become over complicated. Most do not understand it for what it was, a currency transformation.

People tend to discuss money from an emotional basis, and that is understandable. I don't consider myself a 'hard money' person per se. At this point I would merely wish governments to leave gold and silver alone, and allow them to function as a private market force, co-existing with whatever currency schemes they choose to set up. The monetary authorities struggle with this concept, because they inevitably seem to abuse the currency system and resort to increasing amounts of fraud and force. This is not a facet of government, but of bad government.

I am not in favor of a 'gold standard' for that reason now, because that would merely allow governments to once again monopolize the metals and set the prices artificially in order to control them. Gold cannot cure the corruption in the current political system, and could quickly be turned into a force for more repression. Better that the metals exist as free market alternatives for those who may choose them.

After listening to this presentation, one can surely understand why the central banks both fear and covet gold. It resists their wills, but has a natural tendency to be seen as money.

I do think that the nature of gold, and how it has been used as money over thousands of years, illustrates several important qualities that any sustainable monetary system must emulate and approximate. Those who dabble in monetary theory would do well to understand them.

De Gaulle's words are quite important, and I am glad they include that piece in which Charles de Gaulle speaks to the 'exorbitant privilege' of the US Dollar. The principled objection he is raising is the same question being raised by the BRICs today, and the resolutions being discussed behind the scenes are quite contentious over some of these very issues.

As you know, I suggested one solution would be an SDR, but reconstituted with a more contemporary and inclusive weighting system, together with a mechanism that does not permit the IMF to issue amounts of SDRs at will. The problem is that the IMF is dominated by the status quo and the Banks, and really no single class of people is capable of wielding that sort of discretionary power well for any period of time. So I don't see that happening yet, because an acceptable version of it is being fiercely resisted by the Anglo-American banking cartel. They are content to continue with their looting of the system for the foreseeable future.

Money is power, after all, and greed will too often refuse to relinquish any power or claim willingly, even to its own destruction. The American abuse of financial power for political purposes is causing a bifurcation in global finance, along the expected fault lines, and it will be interesting to see how that develops. 

The 38 Year Cycle in US Monetary History

I am not a big believer in comprehensive cycle theory. The weakness of cycles is the same as all systems that seek to impose an external order on natural events and occurrences: one can always find something to fit in a less than rigorously defined methodology. This applies from biblical prophecy codes based on the placement of words and letters, to cycle and wave theories with a wide range of alternatives.

However, I also believe in what call 'generational memory.'  People as a group often forget the lessons of the past, and human nature being what it is, events based on bad judgement and reckless behaviour seem to recur at regular intervals.  Or as J.K.Galbraith observed, there are essentially no new financial frauds, just new variations on the established themes.

If there was any 'tell' for the current crisis, it was the general overturning of the safeguards for the financial system that had been put in place in the aftermath of the financial panic of 1929 and the Great Depression that followed, culminating in the eventual overturn of Glass-Steagall and the ascendancy of extreme leverage using exotic, unregulated instruments.

This is why we call this a generational change. This is no slump, and not even a common recession. And it is far from over.

We are experiencing some major changes that are easily lost when one only looks at the day to day moves, listens to the description of events on the mainstream media, and of course, have a lack of memory, a knowledge of history, of things that have happened to their grandfathers and great grandfathers. The arrogant ignorance of so many still in place is a sure sign of greater chastisement to come, until the lessons of history are learned again, and the system is brought back into a sustainable balance.

2009

The story is still being written, and history will have its say over time. But it will likely include the reckless expansion of credit by the Greenspan Fed, the lapses in financial regulation, the overturn of Glass-Steagall, and the financial scandals including LTCM, Enron, Worldcom, culminating in the failure of the US banking system which began in 2007 including the de facto nationalization of the banks.

The loss of confidence in the informal Bretton Woods II arrangement with the dollar as the world's reserve currence with the rise of alternatives, precipitated by the unprecedented expansion of the monetary base by the Bernanke Fed including the monetization of private debts, will be the hallmark of the crisis from a monetary perspective.

1971

Nixon Closes the Gold Window on Bretton Woods

"The Nixon Shock was a series of economic measures taken by U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1971 including unilaterally canceling the direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold that essentially ended the existing Bretton Woods system of international financial exchange.

By the early 1970s, as the costs of the Vietnam War and increased domestic spending accelerated inflation, the U.S. was running a balance of payments deficit and a trade deficit, the first in the 20th century. The year 1970 was the crucial turning point, which, because of foreign arbitrage of the U.S. dollar, caused governmental gold coverage of the paper dollar to decline 33 percentage points, from 55% to 22%. That, in the view of Neoclassical Economists and the Austrian School, represented the point where holders of the U.S. dollar lost faith in the U.S. government’s ability to cut
its budget and trade deficits.

In 1971, the U.S. government again printed more dollars (a 10% increase) and then sent them overseas, to pay for the nation's military spending particularly in Vietnam and private investments. In May 1971, inflation-wary West Germany was the first member country to leave the Bretton Woods system — unwilling to deflate the deutsche mark to prop up the dollar.

Because of the excess printed dollars, and the negative U.S. trade balance, other nations began demanding fulfillment of America’s “promise to pay” - that is, the redemption of their dollars for gold. On 5 August 1971, Congress released a report recommending devaluation of the dollar, in an effort to protect the dollar against foreign speculators.

To stabilize the economy and combat runaway inflation, on August 15, 1971, President Nixon imposed a 90-day wage and price freeze, a 10 per cent import surcharge, and, most importantly, “closed the gold window”, ending convertibility between US dollars and gold. The President and fifteen advisors made that decision without consulting the members of the international monetary system, thus the
international community informally named it the Nixon shock.

Given the importance of the announcement — and its impact upon foreign currencies — presidential advisors recalled that they spent more time deciding when to publicly announce the controversial plan, than they spent creating the plan. He was advised that the practical decision was to make an announcement before the stock markets opened on Monday (and just when Asian markets also were opening trading for the day). On August 15, 1971, that speech and the price-control plans proved very popular and raised the public's spirit. The President was credited with finally rescuing the American public from price-gougers, and from a foreign-caused exchange crisis." Wikipedia

1933 - 1934

Suspension of the Gold Standard and Dollar Devaluation

"In early 1933, in order to fight severe deflation Congress and President Roosevelt implemented a series of Acts of Congress and Executive Orders which suspended the gold standard except for foreign exchange, revoked gold as universal legal tender for debts, and banned private ownership of significant amounts of gold coin. These acts included Executive Order 6073, the Emergency Banking Act, Executive Order 6102, Executive Order 6111, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933 Banking Act, House Joint Resolution 192, and later the Gold Reserve Act. This set up the devaluation of the dollar. In early 1934 F.D.R. increased the price of gold by 69%($20.67 to $35/oz). This represented a 41% devaluation of the US dollar." Dollar Devaluation in 1934, I. M. Vronsky

1895

Gold Panic: U.S. Gold Supply Running Dry

"The early 1890s were not kind to America's gold reserves...Coupled with declining revenues triggered by various protective tariffs, the reserves plummeted, taking a severe toll on the economy. In 1893, the falling gold supply helped spark a debilitating financial crisis known as the Panic of 1893...By February 8, 1895, the gold supplies had thinned out to a paltry $41 million.

With the U.S. Treasury teetering on the brink of bankruptcy, Cleveland intervened, and using a syndicate led by J.P. Morgan as an intermediary and U.S. bonds as bait, attempted to buy back gold from foreign investors. Cleveland sold roughly sixty-two million dollars worth of bonds, valued at 3.75 percent, to Morgan's syndicate. Morgan and company in turn shopped the issues to foreign parties for a handsome profit. Although clearly borne of desperation, the deal nonetheless provided some badly needed relief: it briefly spelled the gold crunch and saved the Treasury from disaster. " This Day in History

1857

The Panic of 1857

"The Panic of 1857 abruptly ended the boom times that followed the Mexican War. The immediate event that touched off the panic was the failure of the New York branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co., a major financial force that collapsed following massive embezzlement. Hard on the heels of this event arrived other setbacks that shook the public's confidence...

Widespread railroad failures occurred, an indication of how badly over-built the American system had become. Land speculation programs collapsed with the railroads, ruining thousands of investors.

Confidence was further shaken in September when 30,000 pounds of gold were lost at sea in a shipment from the San Francisco Mint to eastern banks. More than 400 lives were lost as well as a loss of public confidence in the government's ability to back its paper currency with specie.

In October, a bank holiday was declared in New England and New York in a vain effort to avert runs on those institutions. Eventually the panic and depression spread to Europe, South America and the Far East. No recovery was evident in the United States for a year and a half and the full impact did not dissipate until the Civil War."

1819

The Panic of 1819

"The causes of the Panic of 1819 were the first to largely originate within the U.S. economy. The resulting crisis caused widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812. However, things would change for the US economy after the Second Bank of the United States was founded in 1816, in response to the spread of bank notes across United States from private banks, due to inflation brought on by the debt following the war.

In the event, President Monroe, interpreting the economic crisis in the narrow monetary terms then current, limited governmental action to economizing and ensuring fiscal stability. He acquiesced in suspension of specie (gold) payments to bank depositors, setting a precedent for the Panics of 1837 and 1857."