Episodes of Hyperinflation from Diocletian to Bernanke - How It Might Unfold Today

Both hyperinflation and protracted deflation are extraordinary economic events. And it is telling that they are much more common in the 20th century and after than in all preceding recorded history. Ah, the joys of modernity.

While prices can certainly increase based on fluctuations in supply and demand, by my definition 'a general price inflation is an increase in the money supply without a corresponding increase in real output causing an increase in general price levels.'

War and other natural disasters and dislocations can cause temporary bouts of severe inflation and deflation, but endogenous episodes of hyperinflation or deflation are almost always the result of policy error in a genuinely sovereign currency, that is, not contingent on an external entity. Although that policy error can be precipitated as a response to some external stimulus, very often unfunded war debts for example.

War is a spectacularly unproductive expenditure, and a nation that engages in continual wars is almost always brought to eventual economic ruin, if for nothing else than overreach.

Hyperinflation is generally considered to be an increase of over 50% in price levels based on a monetary phenomenon. This increase is caused by decisions on the part of the central bank to increase the money supply at a high rate leading to a loss in its value.

Although it is a low probability event I have said that a hyperinflation, since it is a policy decision, is certainly possible in the US dollar. I have spent quite a bit of time trying to assess the probabilities, and in order to do that, one must understand the actual mechanism by which it would occur. I had been unable to find that described elsewhere, except in the most general of terms and the piling on of anecdotal evidence.

Based on my own thinking, the most likely cause of it would be an inappropriate response to a threat to the banks because of an event in the derivatives market which is a major credit bubble, intricately interlocking almost all financial institutions.  Critical Mass: The Mispricing of Derivatives Risk and How the Financial World Ends.

I think there is sufficient room for doubt that the Fed, the President and the Congress would 'do the right thing' for the public rather than their crony capitalists when it comes down to it. They are caught in a credibility trap, and are unable to police or reform the system without indicting themselves.

I have even entertained the thought that a few of the Banks have used their own precarious positions as leverage, a sort of soft extortion, or mutually assured destruction, to fundamentally do as they please. I am not alone in this. Mr. Max Keiser calls them 'financial terrorists,' and in his highly expressive way he may be right.    That was certainly evident in the passage of the TARP.

I would be prepared to say that most of the very powerful businessmen and politicians I have met, with a few notable exceptions, are not very nice people, and as they would themselves proudly attest, not ordinarily human. They tend to the emotional and spiritual depth of salamanders, or gekkos to borrow a meme. Hard to say where they might fit on Maslow's hierarchy. On par with toasters?

It is funny how often a society confuses the accumulation of wealth and power with wisdom and virtue, when history shows it to be most often quite the opposite.

I have often wondered at their propensity to collect beautiful things. Did J P Morgan really enjoy his wonderful collection of manuscripts? Did William Randolph Hearst rise to ecstasy with his art collection? I am sure that I understand Mr. Dennis Kozlowski's enjoyment of his $15,000 umbrella stand. I do have children you know.

Here is a list of some of the more famous episodes of hyperinflation throughout history.

Episodes of Hyperinflation - San Jose State University

Here is my own list of of Serious Inflations Since WW II.

For the specific feel of a hyperinflation, there are few better books than When Money Dies: The Nightmare of the Weimar Collapse by Adam Fergusson. This is a link to an online copy of the book.

Some Common Fallacies About Inflation and Deflation is also worth reading if for nothing else than to find out 'what works' best in such circumstances as a hyperinflation.

And lastly there are my own recollections of a country on the cusp of a hyperinflationary episode, Moscow Memories of 1997.

If there is such a hyperinflationary episode in the US, it will almost certainly be a massive theft of wealth, under cover of some false flag episode or similar story, blaming it on China or Iran, or some natural disaster, for example.

The Fed and the monied interests are unlikely to voluntarily accept responsibility for the disaster, for the same reasons that they are unwilling to engage in genuine reform. The way that the theft of customer funds at MF Global was handled may give you some idea of how it might unfold, except on a much larger scale. You would be fortunate to tithe only ten percent to the monetary powers, the dark rulers of this world, and spiritual wickedness in high places. Their only response is 'more.'

The Problem of Unresolved Debt in the US Financial System

Michael David White has painted some dire pictures of the US housing market, but this one is shocking in its implications.



Chart fromA Blistering Ride Through Hell by Michael David White.

I enjoyed the synopsis of this chart that was done by Automatic Earth in Is It Time to Storm the Bastille Again:

"That is, what Americans' homes are worth, their equity, decreased by $7 trillion -from $20 trillion to $13 trillion, from spring 2006 to spring 2010. In the same period, mortgage debt, what Americans owe on their homes, went down by only $270 billion. Yes, that's right: US homeowners lost more, by a factor of 26, than they "gained" through clearing mortgage debt. Thus, if we estimate that there are 75 million homeowners in America, they all, each and every one of them, lost $93,333."

Nine out of ten Americans will notice that there is a significant gap that must be closed here. What makes it even more chilling is that the gap is continuing to widen as home prices continue to correct to the mean.

This debt must be resolved. There are two major ways to do it: repayment and default.

Repayment is probably a fantasy, if not beating a dead horse. The homeowners do not have the money with which to pay the loans given the current state of employment and wage stagnation, and the mortgages are for the most part on houses whose value is significantly under water compared to the debt, as in ' just mail in the keys.'

Straight up default, writing off the debt even through foreclosure, is also probably out of the question, because it would essentially vaporize the balance sheet of the US banking system which is also insolvent, to a greater degree than most understand, and if they understand it, would admit.

Automatic Earth references an essay which we also had linked here by Eric Sprott called Wither Green Shoots that points out the unfortunate fact that of the 986 bank holding companies in the US, 980 of them lost money last year. The lucky six were the TBTF banks on major government subsidy.

So, where is the government going to liquidate the debt? And what effect will it have on dollar assets when they do it?

The Japanese solution was to ignore their bad debt and insolvent kereitsu, because admitting it would cause significant loss of face, not to mention financial loss, to an elite that does not permit such things to happen. So instead they arranged for their single party LDP system to drag the debt like a ball and chain through what came to be known as 'the lost decade' while they tried to make it go away by export mercantilism and crony monetarism wherein funds were given to the same kereitsu in a remarkably ambitious (and expensively wasteful) series of public works boondoggles.

Do you think the US can follow this path? As if. Japan started from a base as a net exporter with a huge trade surplus and little debt. Scratch that idea.

Someone has to end up 'holding the bag.' And the consumer cannot rise to the occasion, the banks are all insolvent and a sinkhole until they change their business models. So what will be 'the last bubble?' Bernanke has managed to monetize about 1.5 trillion dollars so far. Only 5.5 trillion more to go, if housing prices can stabilize at current levels, and employment return to pre-crash levels quickly.

A few European readers have expressed their relief, and some noticeable pride, that their banking and political system resolved its own debt crisis so quickly and easily. To the extent that their banks are holding dollar denominated financial assets, they have merely stopped the table from shaking for the moment, as their sand castles await the next mega tsunami to come rolling across the Atlantic.

Consider this well, and you will understand what is happening in the economy, and why certain things occur over the next 24 months, despite the fog of wars, currency and otherwise. And bear in mind that the only real limit and effective constraint on the Fed's ability to monetize debt is the value and acceptability of the bond, and the dollar in payment of interest, by foreign debt holders, as domestic debt holders are under legal compulsion by the law of legal tender.

And it was all unnecessary, attributable to the dishonesty and greed of a remarkably small number of men in New York and Washington who managed to rig the markets and the political process, with the acquiescence and support of a public grown complacent and in far too many cases, soft headed and corrupt.

These are the same people, along with their enablers, who are now preaching the virtues of austerity for the many, and free and easy markets for themselves. All gain, no pain. While the game is going it must still be played. Obama has been disappointing, but what comes next may well be worse, much worse.

Bernie Madoff was lying and cheating and taking money until the day he closed his doors.

Perhaps they are in denial, but surely they must hear the footsteps of history approaching. And their bravado is yet another bluff, and hides the rising stink of fear.

Guest Post: Tavakoli On the Reserve Currency Discussions

Here is a commentary from Janet Tavakoli on the Robert Fisk article in yesterday's Independent.

It is remarkably well grounded and thoughtful in its analysis and is well worth reading.

This is a guest post at Le Café Américain, but links to her site and other important essays are contained herein.

Her insights are a welcome palliative to some of the astonishingly shallow commentary we have seen and heard from the financial media.

Of course we would agree that this discussion has been ongoing for many years, as such a discussion fills the void in the evolution of global finance after the breakdown of the original Bretton Woods Agreement, and the closing of the gold window by Richard Nixon.

The point which we have made, perhaps no nearly so well, is that the actions of the Fed and the Treasury over the last ten years have brought the world to what appears to be a tipping point, something that will finally precipitate a change in what has long been a de facto equilibrium; a sea change if you will.

A major precipitant to the current action appears to be the quinquennial rebalancing of the SDR, which will be occurring in 2010. That, and the widespread financial fraud which Wall Street perpetrated on foreign investors, which has been seriously underplayed by the American media.

This is the scenario which was forecast here in 2005, when it became apparent that Greenspan and his governors, together with the Treasury, were not going to act in a manner that would promote a sustainable environment for the status quo.

And further, that the serial sociopaths on Wall Street would keep pushing their luck to the limit, face-ripping their way around the world with our trading partners and creditors until they hit the wall in the form of a break in confidence and an irreparable loss of trust, triggering a significant financial blowback.

Although there was some hope that Obama and his economic team might be able to turn the tide, that hope is fading quickly. And so here we are today.


China Defaults, Currency Basket Threatens Dollar
TSF – October 6, 2009
By Janet Tavakoli

Robert Fisk exposed revived discussions by the Gulf States, China, France, Japan, Brazil, and Russia to replace the dollar as the benchmark oil trading currency with a basket of currencies including gold within 10 years.

This proposal is not new and discussions have been ongoing for decades. But other extraordinary moves in the capital markets suggest we should take this threat to the dollar’s position very seriously. For example, China has $2.3 trillion in currency reserves (about 70% in dollars), and China knows how to get its way.

In November 2008, Chinese banks said they would no longer play by our rules. Top tier banks (Bank of China and Industrial and Commercial Bank of China) reneged on derivatives contracts. They failed to come up with billions in collateral on dollar/yen FX trades, which were out of the money after the yen’s October appreciation. This should have been headline news in every financial newspaper, but it wasn’t. Chinese banks defaulted.

They may have been partially motivated by U.S. malfeasance in the capital markets that caused losses in Asia. The U.S. squandered its credibility and our cover-ups have done nothing to restore it.

Most credit support annex agreements would say that closing out these trades would be an event of default, and then the cross default on all the trades would kick in with the same counterparty. But the credit of the Chinese banks was better than many of their counterparties. Everyone was forced to renegotiate contracts with the Chinese banks.

From the perspective of the derivatives markets, this is earth shattering. What would have happened if AIG had done the same thing? (Hey, Goldman, UBS, and others…you want your collateral? Well…Stuff It!)

At the end of August 2009, China signaled that state owned oil consumers: Air China, COSCO, and China Eastern could default on money-losing commodities derivatives contracts.

If we had been paying attention, the U.S. should have done everything in its power to correct our mistakes, clean up the mess in our financial system—instead of sweeping it under the carpet—and turned our efforts to maintaining the credibility of the capital markets and the credibility of the dollar.

Janet Tavakoli is the president of Tavakoli Structured Finance, a Chicago-based firm that provides
consulting to financial institutions and institutional investors. Ms. Tavakoli has more than 20 years of experience in senior investment banking positions, trading, structuring and marketing structured financial products. She is a former adjunct associate professor of derivatives at the University of Chicago's Graduate School of Business. Author of: Credit Derivatives & Synthetic Structures (1998, 2001), Collateralized Debt Obligations & Structured Finance (2003), Structured Finance & Collateralized Debt Obligations (John Wiley & Sons, September 2008).

Tavakoli’s book on the causes of the global financial meltdown and how to fix it is: Dear Mr. Buffett: What an Investor Learns 1,269 Miles from Wall Street (Wiley, 2009).