Practical Decision-Making: A Priori versus Empirical Reasoning

"In times of change learners inherit the earth; while the learned find themselves beautifully equipped to deal with a world that no longer exists." Eric Hoffer

A Priori:

from Latin, literally "from the former." Reasoning that starts from accepted first principles or facts requiring no proof or foundation, being a self-evident assumption to the true believer

Empirical:

a. Relying on or derived from observation or experiment: empirical results that supported the hypothesis. b. Verifiable or provable by means of observation or experiment: empirical laws. 2. Guided by practical experience and not theory,

A Priori reasoning is often associated with religion and other belief systems, because it is 'top down' reasoning from a given, accepted fact that is judged to be self-evident and sufficient in itself. So for example, if one believes in an all-powerful and loving God, one can start making logical deductions from that first principle.

Empirical reasoning is often associated with the 'scientific method.' This is reasoning from the "bottom up" based on data, evidence and replicable experimentation and demonstrable relationships. Empirical reasoning can only take one so far, and generally follows the pattern of hypothesis - proof - re-examination - new hypothesis based on new data or insights.

In Economics, it never ceases to amaze how quickly people gravitate towards a priori reasoning once they have become wedded to a belief in an idea, a trading system, a school of thought, or a cult of personality.

If I believe, for example, that deflation is inevitable, no matter what else, then I will selectively choose data to support this view, even if unconsciously, and evaluate all information in the light of deflation as a given outcome, accept that which supports my belief, and rejecting or diminishing in significance the contrary data.

One can make the same case, for example, for those that believe that hyperinflation is an inevitable outcome in the near term. Or those who believe in the infalliblity of a particular trading system such as Elliot Waves, or some favorite indicator.

In less lofty terms, it is what we call a prejudice, although that term has become too specifically associated with racism in the modern world. It is literally a prejudging of situations, and fitting them all into a common pattern no matter what.

Sometimes the lengths to which true believers will go to hold on to their opinions becomes almost funny, if it is not so often accompanied by ad hominem attacks and rather nasty, immature behaviour when the true believer becomes cornered by reality. Or the tragedy of genuine loss when believers are led into folly and the consequences of their errors.

How funny is it, for example, to see a noted pundit keep drawing lines in the sand for the maximum price appreciation of a commodity like gold, and having to change them every year, ignoring past failures and pretending as though they have not been wrong, not daring to acknowledge their failure and attempting to explain it, to at least integrate it into their system in some credible manner.

There is always an alternate count, always the oddly possible but highly improbable excuse or rationale for their own mistaken belief, to avoid admitting that they or their system are imperfect, that they do not know the future with any certainty.

One can believe in something that might eventually become true, but for the wrong reasons. The 'belief' part is accepting the truth before any rational evidence would lead one to accept it logically. It really depends on the odds, and whether they get 'lucky.' People are therefore fooled by chance.

This by the way is the problem I have had with some of the adherents to the Monetarist and Austrian schools of economics, among others gathered in schools. They believe something, and are inclined at times to twist the data to support their predispositions and claims, and reduce objections or alternate views to caricatures that are not correct on close examination by the unbiased mind.

A scientific approach is to assess what is, rather than what we would like things to be, and to draw conclusions carefully from it, calculating probabilities when the evidence does not support a single outcome, and a willingness to accept new data and act on it when it appears, even if it appears contrary to a current working hypothesis.

This does not mean it is wrong to carefully examine evidence that seems to be 'on the tails' of our existing body of knowledge, to see if an adaptation of the hypothesis is all that is required.

Why is this important to us here in this forum?

Because belief is in the realm of the spiritual and the philosophical. Even a statement like "it is self-evident that all men are created equal" is clearly an appeal to a philosophical stance.

Finance, business, trading are not worthy of belief excepting for the ethical implications of behaviour that is contingent on all realms of human endeavor, depending on what one believes.

So, in trading, one should try to avoid becoming a 'true believer' in one idea or person or system. They are all likely to be flawed, and will very often blind the believer to the reality of the situation, so that they can lose impressive amounts of money fruitlessly following a belief that has no validity in their particular case.

In other words, no one knows the future for certain. There are always probabilities involved in every situation, every outcome. Some are more easily discerned than others, but they tend to be in the long and short term trends.

People naturally tend to carve the 'hits' or successful predictions based on their system or belief in marble, and write the 'misses' in sand. They tend to fool themselves as a portion of the belief in what they think must be true. It is a natural, but potentially deadly, behaviour.

In religion, faith alone can lead one to do outlandish things as in the South Seas cargo cults. So there is the thought in the western tradition that one relies on faith and reason together. But of course reason can only take one so far, and then one is faced with what Kierkegaard called 'the leap of faith.'

One might be willing to 'lose money' for the sake of righteousness by refusing to engage in unethical behaviour in their business activity. But foolish is the person who loses money because they have put their faith in human error, in party politics, in groupthink, and profane beliefs.

On an almost daily basis I see otherwise intelligent people making this mistake, and Wall Street takes advantage of it, to the max. I have made this mistake in the past. Overcoming it is one of the great steps towards becoming a successful trading and maintaining a balanced life of the material and the spirit. We render unto Caesar that which is Caesar's, but what is God's is God's.

When the leap of faith is applied to the deployment of a trading account it is too often results in a leap off a cliff. When faith is misplaced in an ideology such as natually efficient, self-regulating markets, or state planned command economies, it can take whole nations into the abyss.

Iceland's Failure: Not All Banana Republics Deal in Bananas

Here is a nice snapshot of an oligarchy at work in a small country. It is a microcosm of the United States. One only has to substitute "major corporations" for power individuals and the parallel becomes more obvious.

It appears to outsiders that in the US, rather than reform or change, rival organizations are in conflict with each other in the US for the spoils of corruption, and alternatively exchange political power to provide the appearance of change, but never relinquishing the primary mission of transferring wealth from the many to their own particular constituents.

The solution in Iceland is for a third party, a progressive party, to rise up and be supported in the elections, despite the stiff opposition from the status quo. Iceland is a small country and its citizens on average reasonably well educated and easily reached. They simply need to get seriously concerned for the future of their children and grandchildren and take control of their country back from the political elite.

It is a much more daunting task for a third party to bring reform to a large country with diverse population, often easily managed into conflict with each other by propaganda from a co-opted mainstream media. Potential leaders often have large egos, and in the States bloggers too often tend to enjoy squabbling with each other over relatively inconsequential things, rather than the primary task at hand. I wonder if it is the same way in Iceland?

UK Telegraph
David Oddsson's ascent to Iceland's editor in chief splits opinion as bloggers gain ground
By Rowena Mason
September 29th, 2009

Plus ca change! And I thought Iceland was moving on from a society where the same elite that caused the financial crash held an iron grip on public life,” groaned one resident of Reykjavik.

The cause of her dismay was the news that David Oddsson, the former prime minister and central bank governor has been appointed editor of the country’s best-respected newspaper.

Only six months ago, shortly after a change in government, he was forced out of the central bank as campaigners lobbied for a new order to help the country recover from the failure of its banking system a year ago.

Mr Oddsson – whose Thatcherite policies led to the privatisation of Iceland’s three big banks in the 1990s – inspires both extreme devotion and antipathy in his home country.

Many blame him for de-regulation of the financial system in the years before the collapse that sparked a domino of corporate bankruptcies, rising unemployment and an investigation into “suspicions of criminal activity” at the failed banks.

Others, including one reader who emailed me this morning, believe the appointment of Mr Oddsson will be a steady force for good behind the many excellent reporters uncovering suspected corruption in Iceland’s financial system.

A couple of Morgunbladid journalists I spoke to were ambivalent – surprised by the choice, but willing to give Mr Oddsson a chance as an editor who must hold those who contributed to the crash responsible.

However this flamboyant politician chooses to sit in his editorial chair, the fact remains that almost a year after the crash Iceland has not yet quite escaped the financial and political powers who have a strong interest in maintaining the status quo and protecting their reputations.

One of the main factors behind Iceland’s financial implosion – an extreme microcosm for the problems in the rest of the world – is the secrecy, interconnection and conflicts of interest in its public life.

That the major shareholders of the banks also owned much of the non-state media undoubtedly helped to perpetuate many myths about Iceland’s economic strength.

Frettabladid, a free newspaper distributed to every home, and Channel 2 television, are both still owned by Jon Asgeir Johannesson – whose companies are strongly linked to Glitnir, one of the collapsed banks, and Baugur, the failed retail giant that owned dozens of British high street shops.

Another television channel, Skjareinn, is backed by the brothers that owned the biggest share of Kaupthing, Iceland’s biggest failed bank.

And Morgunbladid itself was previously owned by Bjorgolfur Gudmundsson, one of a billionaire father and son team behind the third collapsed bank, Landsbanki. It is now in the hands of fishing magnates, who fiercely oppose Iceland’s entry to the European Union out of fear that quotas may be restricted.

One consequence of the links between big business and the media has been that the Icelandic public’s faith in traditional and official sources of news has started to erode, increasing reliance on blogs to provide news services, spread gossip and provide a discussion forum.

This has increasingly irritated some of Iceland’s financiers. Lydur Gudmundsson, one of the two brothers who backed Kaupthing, has publicly blamed bloggers for creating a negative atmosphere and pointing too many fingers.

It’s a sure sign that these new media journalists, empowered by the internet, are digging around in the right back yards.

The Utility of Gold and Silver Over the Past 200 Years

A bit of an oversimplification as one might expect for a short video, but rather effective in making its several of its points. Some interesting data as well.

Warren Buffett has asked "What utility does gold have?"

Since his views are respected and he is unusually successful, it is important to consider this question.

The utility of gold is that it resists the manipulation of the statists, which is why they hate it. It provides a store of wealth that is difficult for the state to confiscate through debasement. Gold and silver have represented the instruments of freedom and safety, a secure store of wealth, for individuals faced with adversity and uncertainty over thousands of years.

For quite some time the various pieces of evidence with regard to the Central Banks and gold have been becoming public. It seems to this reader, based on a careful search and consideration of the facts, that the attempt to control the price of gold and to a lesser extent silver by some of the Banks, led by the Brits and the Yanks, is almost certain as an adjunct in their efforts at financial engineering.

But the Banks are failing. They are failing in particular since the market break of 2000 when the first of the post Asian financial crisis bubbles collapsed. They are being broken, once again, by the physical buying coming in particular from Asia and Europe, where currency risk is a familiar concept. Most American go through their lives never having handled another currency except the dollar, and their education in finance, and even their own history, is sadly lacking. For them, the US dollar is the monetary alpha and the omega, and its decline is incomprehensible.

We are now in the midst of a new financial bubble in world equity markets, and it too will collapse.

This is not to say the future will be straightforward and simple. It will not.

People sometmes worry about government confiscation. Since gold no longer has any official status in the US except as private property, this is a bit of a red herring. True, government can try to seize any of your private property not just gold. It can try to force you to wear a number, or imbed a chip in your head, to buy and sell, it can even try to pack you on a freight train for resettlement in New Mexico. The question is not what the state can try to do, but rather, what you will let them do and how you will respond to it.

At the moment the US dollar remains the linchpin of the Anglo-American financial oligarchy. That is it failing is probably one of the great issues facing world stability today.

Right now the Dollar is the subject of an aggressive carry trade, with traders selling it short to buy other assets. This obviously sets up the potential for another short term dollar squeeze such as we saw last year when the Eurobanks were devastated by the failure of the toxic dollar assets on their balance sheets which had to be paid in full in dollars to their depositors.

A reversal in the dollar and the collapse of carry trade would shake world equity markets to their core as the gamblers are forced to unwind positions. The vampire squid and associates would probably benefit, but many would suffer. In today's environment, that makes the possibility of this happening even more likely in our book.

But then again, sometimes things do go down into a long spiral, and finally are priced at 30 on a Friday, and open up on Monday at 2, or 'no bids.' It happens. But usually it happens in slow motion at first with national currencies. It is much easier to boil a batch of frogs slowly than to wade in and start chopping heads.

Likelihood is a dollar rally at some point if stocks start unwinding. And then things get interesting, and ugly. Not with a bounce, but a 'splat,' with interest rates running to levels that would make your jaw drop.

For a longer view and a warning likely to fall on deaf ears, the more the oligarchs and elitists take the world's people through these cycles, the greater they need to pay attention to one lesson that ripples throughout history: the trick is not only how to make a great fortune through theft and trickery, but how to hold on to it, and very likely your life, when the tide turns and the people have finally had enough.



Gold and Silver Video

Japan: An 'On the Ground View' from 1989 to 2009

A Japanese friend who lives and works outside Tokyo sent this description of life in Japan from 1989 to 2009. He thought it might be of interest to our patrons.

In considering prices, it is a good shorthand to think of 100 yen as $1 US. I thought that this was funny because this is the same shorthand price I used when I was working in Japan in the late 1990's.

My friend's opinions are his own.

In the inflation/deflation debate, I think what most people mean is "their own personal cost of living", in view of income, rather than a macroeconomic concept.

Pay, job availability, and expense accounts were nuts 1990 to 1995. Everyone was partying... all week long... Wednesdays were as busy as Fridays and Saturdays. Fun while it lasted, but was everyone actually better off at the time? I guess just more hungover and with more handbags.

Prices were often exaggerated in the media because, well, normal prices have no entertainment value. Of course you can find $200 a pound Kobe beef in high end stores like Isetan downtown, but who actually buys that? Even during the bubble, almost no one. Beef in a normal supermarket was and is about $5 a pound, very high quality, and might be half off at closing time.
Change 0%.

At the local greengrocer, vegetables, like a bag of three carrots, a head of cabbage, or broccoli, was 100 yen 20 years ago, and is 100 yen now. I would say on the whole, in yen terms, that overall food prices have not changed. A nice large whole mackerel, cleaned and salted and ready for the grill, enough for two people, is 100 yen. Tofu is 50 yen a block, 150 yen for premium kinds. A pot of premium Japanese rice is 100 yen, enough for six servings.

Change 0%.

One of the things I notice when I go to the US is that there is almost always only high fructose corn syrup colored water to drink. In Japan, there is almost none of that. 90% of what is on the shelf, even in a convenience store, is 100% fruit and vegetable juice for about 100 yen a carton/bottle... in other words, the same price as a coke. I think at least some of the health problems in the US are due to simple things like that.

Long distance calls went from about 100 yen a minute to 3 yen per minute via internet telephony using, for example, Yahoo Japan broadband. From around a decade ago, you could just pick up a Yahoo broadband modem while walking through a train station, take it home, plug it into the telephone jack, plug your phone into the modem, and suddenly all your calls were 3 yen a minute all day every day to most countries. I did not know at first about the telephony as I was only interested in the broadband. One day, I realized that I had not gotten a long distance bill in quite some time. I made many calls around the holidays, so was bracing for a $500 bill. Instead, there was a $15 charge on my credit card.

A decade ago, the modem was free, the broadband was 6M, and it was $20 dollars a month with the first 3 months free. Currently, the minimum is 8M for about $20 dollars a month. Skype has unlimited worldwide calling for a flat $10 a month. I think this has saved me about $20,000 over the last decade. NTT is very unhappy. New apartments now often include free broadband via optical fiber or cable at 100M.

Change (for me) -90%.

Transportation prices have not changed much in 20 years. As was the case from 50 years ago, your employer will pay for your bus/train pass to go to work up to $800 per month, and you can use the pass to get off at any station in between. Even if you bought the pass yourself, to commute say 10 miles, the pass would be about $150 per month. AAA says to own and operate a new car in the US costs about $800 a month, $9,000 per year, and even if you drive your car until it dies, I think it still costs about $5,000 per year. Most people do not need a car, or have at most one for outings on the weekend.

Savings from free pass, no need for car, $5,000+ per year.

Trains are much safer than cars, and if the Japanese drove as much as Americans, there would be about 10,000 more fatalities per year. Over the last 20 years, there are 200,000 Japanese wandering around unaware that had they been driving like Americans, they would be dead. And many many more injured. If you want to be an actuary about it, assuming as in the US that a death in a law suit is roughly worth one million dollars, that is a benefit of 200 billion dollars, and untold billions less in hospital care, injury, disability, and misery.

Change 0%

A functioning train system means people actually walk 5 or 10 minutes to go to the station. Exercise automatically included, and another simple thing that could improve health in the US. (Every major city in the US used to have rail systems until General Motors and the oil companies and the tire companies bought them and ripped them out so everyone would be forced to buy cars and municipalities would be forced to buy buses. Rigging the system is far from new.)

Another reason you do not need a car here is that the home delivery system is terrific. You can send a box or suitcase anywhere in Japan within two days for less than $20. They will pick it up at your house, or you can send it from any convenience store, and you can specify the day and hour of delivery. Costco has solved the problem of customers needing a car to shop. Delivery of a box, up to 60 pounds, anywhere in Japan, is $6 (That is not a typo. You could send a 60 pound box from Costco in Hokkaido to Nagasaki in Kyushu, a distance of 1,000 miles, for 6 dollars). I shop for me and my friends, divide up the goods into boxes, and just send the boxes to them.

Costco did not have stores here 20 years ago, so hard to say, but I guess:

Change -60%.

WalMart has come to Japan by partnering with Seiyu. This and the proliferation of 100 yen shops (dollar stores) drove prices way down. Goods might be in some cases of lesser quality, but since the price can be 90% off, fine with me. A hammer to pound in a few nails is 100 yen, whereas before it would have been 2,000 yen for one of unnecessarily high quality. Even things like brand name high end shampoos at drug stores have come down by half or more.

On the whole, I would say the cost of dry goods has come way down.

Change -50 to -90%.

National health care is about $3,000 per person per year. No preexisting conditions are ever excluded. You can go to any doctor you wish. There is usually no waiting, so for routine things, people do not even make appointments.

Change 0%.

Energy efficiency has become a mania. From years ago, when Koizumi said "global warming", what he meant was "The cheap oil is running out! Get the energy efficiency up... now!"

Japan Railways cut energy use in new trains by half.

Compact fluorescents were great, but expensive ($10), from a decade ago, but are about to be superseded by LEDs.

LEDs are marketed showing that although they cost $40, they last for 40,000 hours, and you would have to buy 40 incandescents for that period of time, so at 99 cents per bulb, the price is actually the same. The LEDs use 1/10th the electricity. 2 yen per hour; in the US 1 cent per hour. Over 40,000 hours, an incandescent would use $4,000 in electricity, an LED $400. They clearly make economic sense now, and the transition is starting. They are a little dim, but fine for lights you leave on all the time like on the porch. Performance should improve and price of an LED light bulb should drop to about $10 in a few years.

New air conditioners use as little as 6 yen per hour (electricity is 20 yen per kilowatt-hour), so in the US, at an average of 10 cents per kilowatt-hour, that would be 3 cents per hour to run the air conditioner (they are all reversible heat pumps, so also warm in winter), so about $20 per month. Typical cooling August and September with older units like mine is $50 per month, heating December to March about $50 per month.

Change -50 to -90%.

Water is about $20 per month.

Change 0%.

Rent is $700 and up for 600 square feet, depending mostly on distance from downtown, type of building (wooden or concrete) and distance to the train station.
Change -20%.

Per capital floor space in Tokyo has doubled, mostly due to improved construction techniques that allow tall buildings to be built on deep soil, where it would have been previously cost prohibitive, by simply driving the pilings deeper into the soil. This in turn was made possible by Japanese steel manufacturers figuring out how to make super strong structural steel for the same price as regular steel simply by minimizing the energy it takes to process the steel. As in Manhattan, skyscrapers were concentrated where there were granite outcrops. Not any more. You can build tall buildings anywhere for a reasonable cost, and the Ginza 10 story limit is about to go. This should continue to put a lot of downward pressure on real estate prices and rents.

Change 0% to -50%.

Many of the above prices are in yen, as would be experienced by someone working and living in Japan. From 1989 to the present, very roughly, the yen went from 150 to the dollar to 100 to the dollar, with a lot of ups and downs. Although the yen appreciated, there was generally no inflation, and no increase in pay per hour (although the amount of work went down), so if you have a job, things just seem to be mostly unchanged over the last two decades. Although much reference is made to Japan's "lost decades", had you actually lived here and not read the newspaper or watched TV, you would have had no idea that anything bad was happening. There are still almost no vacant stores. Visitors said "Recession? What recession?" It is not at all like New York in the 70s.

What is confusing if you are looking at Japan from the outside is that while prices in yen have basically not changed for 20 years, because the yen increased by 30 to 50% against most currencies, the nominal price as viewed in dollars, pounds, etc., has gone up. However, there has been inflation outside Japan, so that is confusing. When I see salaries in the US, etc., now, I think, "Huh? They pay that much?" But of course, the prices of goods in those countries have gone up.

Using money as a proxy for goods and services is very confusing. The real question is, assuming one has a reasonable amount of work at reasonable pay per hour, what goods and services and of what quality can you get? On the whole, I would say that that has improved, some of the improvement being inherent in improved technology, building construction, etc., some of the improvement from better distribution and competition among retailers, some from the stronger yen, some from energy efficiency and improvements in public transportation. What we want is food, a place to live, electricity, water, telecommunication, education, and health care. If you have those things, you don't really need much money.

In summary, you could expect to live reasonably, within 20 minutes of downtown Tokyo by train on the following annual budget.

Rent $10,000 (60 square meters, 600 square feet)
Health insurance $3,000
Food $3,000 (if you cook yourself most of the time)
Electricity (heating and cooling included) $1,000
Water $300
Gas $300
Telephone and broadband $700
Transportation $1,000 (free $1,000 employer provided train pass + $1,000 incidental travel by train, taxi, bus; $8 buys pass for unlimited travel for one day on most subways throughout Tokyo)
(Car unnecessary -$5,000 to -$9,000)
National income tax + local income tax = US federal tax rate.
Consumption tax is 5% on all purchases and most restaurant meals.
Average salary is about $50,000.